Greek philosopher who advocated reason and moderation. He maintained that sense experience is our only source of knowledge, and that by reasoning we can discoverthe essences of things, that is, their distinguishing qualities. In his works on ethics and politics, he suggested that human happiness consists in living in conformith with nature. He deriveved his political theory from the recognition that mutual aid is natural to humankind, and refused to set up any one constitution as universally ideal. Of Aristotle's works, around 22 treatises survive, dealing with logic, metaphysics, physics, astronomy, meteorology, biolgy, physchology, ethichs, politics, adn literary criticism.---
Aristotle was born in Stagira in Thrace and studied in Athens, where he became a distinguished member of the Academy founded by Plato. He then opened a shool at Assos. At this time he regarded himself as a Platonist, but his subsequent thought led him further from the teaditions that had formed his early bachground and he was later critical of Plato. In about 344 BC he moved in Lesvos, and devoted the next two years to the study of natural history. Maenwhile, during residence at Assos, he had married Pyhhias, niece and adopted daughter of Hermeias, ruler of Atarnues.
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In 342 BC he accepted an invitation from Philip II of Mavedon to go to Pella as tutor to Philip's son Alexander the Great. In 335 BC he opened a shool in th Lyceum (grove sacred to Apollo) in Athends. It became known as the 'peripatic school' because he walked up and down as he talked, and his works are a collection of his lecture notes. When Alexander died in 323 BC, Aristotle was forced to flee to Chalcis, where he died.
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Among his many contributions to political though were the first systematic attempts do distinguish between different forms of goverment, ideas about the role of law in the state, and the conception of a science of politics.
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In the Poetics, Aristotle defines tragic drama as an imitation (mimesis) of the actions of human beings, with character subotdinated to plot. The audience is affected by pity and fear, but experiences a purgation (cathrasis) of these emotions through watching the play. The second book of the Poetics, on comedy, is lost. The three books of Rhetoric form the earliest analytical duscussion of the techniques of persuasion, and the last presents a theory of the emotions to which a speakeer must appeal.
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His works were the lost to Europe after the decline of Rome, but they were reintroduced in the Middle Ages by Arab and Jewish scholars and became the basis of medieval scholasticism.
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His major writings on cosmology, or astronomy, ate brought together in the rour-volume Peri ouranou/On the Heavens. Aristotle refected tho notion of infinith and the notion of a vacum. A vacum he held to be impossibe because on object moving in it would meet no resistance and would there fore attain infinite velocit. Spave could not be infinete, becuse in Aristotle's view, the universe consisted of a series of comcertic spheres which rotated around the centrally placed, stationary Earth. If the outermost sphere were an ifinite distance from the Earth, it would he nable to complete its rotation within a finite period of time, in particular within the 24-hour period in which the stars, fixed, as Aristotle beleived, to the sphere, rotated around the Earth.
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Aristotle's work in astronomy also included proving that the Earth was spherical. He observed that the Earth cast a circular shadow on the Moon during an eclopse and he pointed outh that as one travelled north or south, the stars changed their positions. Aristetle overestimated the Earth's diameter by only 50%.
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Aristotle saw nature as always sriving to perfect itself. The principle of life he termed a soul, which he regarded as the frorm of the lie\ving creature, not as a subtance seperable from it, The intellect he believed, can discover in sense ompressions the unversal, and sice the soul thus transceds matter, it must be immortal. Art embodies nature, buy in a more perfect fashion. its ene being the purifying and ennobling of the affections. The essence of beauty is order and symmetry. Aristotle also frist classified organisms into spiecies and genera.
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Taken from : Encyclopeia
Aristotle was born in Stagira in Thrace and studied in Athens, where he became a distinguished member of the Academy founded by Plato. He then opened a shool at Assos. At this time he regarded himself as a Platonist, but his subsequent thought led him further from the teaditions that had formed his early bachground and he was later critical of Plato. In about 344 BC he moved in Lesvos, and devoted the next two years to the study of natural history. Maenwhile, during residence at Assos, he had married Pyhhias, niece and adopted daughter of Hermeias, ruler of Atarnues.
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In 342 BC he accepted an invitation from Philip II of Mavedon to go to Pella as tutor to Philip's son Alexander the Great. In 335 BC he opened a shool in th Lyceum (grove sacred to Apollo) in Athends. It became known as the 'peripatic school' because he walked up and down as he talked, and his works are a collection of his lecture notes. When Alexander died in 323 BC, Aristotle was forced to flee to Chalcis, where he died.
---
Among his many contributions to political though were the first systematic attempts do distinguish between different forms of goverment, ideas about the role of law in the state, and the conception of a science of politics.
---
In the Poetics, Aristotle defines tragic drama as an imitation (mimesis) of the actions of human beings, with character subotdinated to plot. The audience is affected by pity and fear, but experiences a purgation (cathrasis) of these emotions through watching the play. The second book of the Poetics, on comedy, is lost. The three books of Rhetoric form the earliest analytical duscussion of the techniques of persuasion, and the last presents a theory of the emotions to which a speakeer must appeal.
---
His works were the lost to Europe after the decline of Rome, but they were reintroduced in the Middle Ages by Arab and Jewish scholars and became the basis of medieval scholasticism.
---
His major writings on cosmology, or astronomy, ate brought together in the rour-volume Peri ouranou/On the Heavens. Aristotle refected tho notion of infinith and the notion of a vacum. A vacum he held to be impossibe because on object moving in it would meet no resistance and would there fore attain infinite velocit. Spave could not be infinete, becuse in Aristotle's view, the universe consisted of a series of comcertic spheres which rotated around the centrally placed, stationary Earth. If the outermost sphere were an ifinite distance from the Earth, it would he nable to complete its rotation within a finite period of time, in particular within the 24-hour period in which the stars, fixed, as Aristotle beleived, to the sphere, rotated around the Earth.
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Aristotle's work in astronomy also included proving that the Earth was spherical. He observed that the Earth cast a circular shadow on the Moon during an eclopse and he pointed outh that as one travelled north or south, the stars changed their positions. Aristetle overestimated the Earth's diameter by only 50%.
---
Aristotle saw nature as always sriving to perfect itself. The principle of life he termed a soul, which he regarded as the frorm of the lie\ving creature, not as a subtance seperable from it, The intellect he believed, can discover in sense ompressions the unversal, and sice the soul thus transceds matter, it must be immortal. Art embodies nature, buy in a more perfect fashion. its ene being the purifying and ennobling of the affections. The essence of beauty is order and symmetry. Aristotle also frist classified organisms into spiecies and genera.
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Taken from : Encyclopeia
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